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Episode #198 ... The truth is in the process. - Zizek pt. 3 (ideology, dialectics)
2024/3/24
Philosophize This!
S
Stephen West
通过《哲学这件事》播客，深入探讨各种哲学主题，吸引广泛听众。
Stephen West: 本期节目深入探讨了意识形态和辩证法。齐泽克认为，我们的世界观是意识形态的产物，它为我们理解现实提供了捷径，因为我们没有足够的脑力资源去完全理解现实的复杂性。然而，过度依赖意识形态也会带来负面影响，例如，你可能在做一些你认为支持气候变化努力的事情，但实际上却适得其反。齐泽克认为，人们不需要花费所有时间去解构意识形态，而是应该在不同层次上提升自我意识。忽略意识形态框架会带来严重后果。意识形态不仅仅是你有意识地思考世界的方式，它还体现在你没有思考世界的方式、你的行为、信息的传播方式以及你决策背后的秘密协议中。意识形态是一个完整的系统，包括符号、策略和协议，其作用是让你感觉自己清晰地看到了世界，但实际上是通过排除其他视角来实现这种清晰感。西方自由民主资本主义的意识形态非常有效地控制着人们的思想，以至于资本主义现在甚至不需要民主就能运作。在节目中，还探讨了马克思关于意识形态的观点，以及如何通过质疑自己的信仰，思考自己的世界观是如何通过排除其他世界观来实现清晰性。节目中还分析了美国左派和右派，齐泽克认为，他们都是同一枚硬币的两面，他们都在试图维持现状，而没有触及导致他们争论的所有问题的根本原因——全球资本主义经济模式。齐泽克认为，所谓的左派实际上是在维护一个根本上存在缺陷的经济体系，他们的努力只是在延长这个体系的寿命。他还批判了政治正确，认为它是一种被用来阻止政治异见的工具。齐泽克认为，美国左派和右派的谎言相互依存，他们都没有真正帮助被剥削的人民，因为他们都没有挑战全球资本主义。在现代社会，人权和民主等概念有时只是一种表演性的信仰，人们在实践中遵守，但不一定真正相信。齐泽克认为，人们应该关注政治运动背后的意识形态，避免被全球资本主义所利用。他警告说，未来，反对殖民主义和北约扩张可能会被等同于反对多样性、公平与包容。节目还探讨了福山的《历史的终结》以及齐泽克对辩证法的解读，齐泽克认为，福山是错误的，历史没有终结，绝对知识在于接受知识的永无止境的辩证过程。即使意识到意识形态的存在，人们仍然需要意识形态来运作，这是一种意识形态的“恋物癖”版本。意识形态可以作为一种心理防御机制，让人们逃避现实的痛苦，齐泽克提出了“你的仓鼠是什么”的问题，来探讨人们用来逃避现实的事物。
Stephen West: This episode delves into ideology and dialectics. Žižek argues that our worldview is a product of ideology, providing shortcuts to understanding reality because we lack the mental resources to fully grasp its complexity. However, over-reliance on ideology can have negative consequences; for example, you might be doing things you believe support climate change efforts, but in reality, they are counterproductive. Žižek believes people don't need to spend all their time deconstructing ideology but should enhance self-awareness at different levels. Ignoring ideological frameworks has serious consequences. Ideology is not just how you consciously think about the world; it's also reflected in how you don't think about the world, your actions, the way information is spread, and the secret agreements behind your decisions. Ideology is a complete system, including symbols, strategies, and protocols, designed to make you feel like you clearly see the world, but in reality, this clarity is achieved by excluding other perspectives. The ideology of Western liberal democratic capitalism is so effective at controlling people's thoughts that capitalism doesn't even need democracy to function anymore. The episode also explores Marx's views on ideology and how to question one's beliefs and consider how one's worldview achieves clarity by excluding other worldviews. The episode analyzes the American left and right; Žižek believes they are two sides of the same coin, both trying to maintain the status quo without addressing the root cause of their arguments—the global capitalist economic model. Žižek argues that the so-called left is actually maintaining a fundamentally flawed economic system, and their efforts only prolong the system's lifespan. He also criticizes political correctness, considering it a tool used to prevent political dissent. Žižek believes the lies of the American left and right are interdependent; neither truly helps the exploited because neither challenges global capitalism. In modern society, concepts like human rights and democracy are sometimes merely performative beliefs; people follow them in practice but don't necessarily truly believe in them. Žižek believes people should focus on the ideology behind political movements to avoid being exploited by global capitalism. He warns that in the future, opposing colonialism and NATO expansion may be equated with opposing diversity, equity, and inclusion. The episode also discusses Fukuyama's "End of History" and Žižek's interpretation of dialectics. Žižek believes Fukuyama is wrong; history has not ended, and absolute knowledge lies in accepting the never-ending dialectical process of knowledge. Even when aware of ideology, people still need it to function; this is a "fetish" version of ideology. Ideology can serve as a psychological defense mechanism, allowing people to escape the pain of reality. Žižek raises the question, "What is your hamster?" to explore what people use to escape reality.
Deep Dive
Andrew from Australia questions whether people need ideology to act for the good of society, such as reducing climate change, and wonders if disassembling ideological crutches is necessary.
Shownotes Transcript