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cover of episode The Unpopular Vote

The Unpopular Vote

2024/10/25
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Radiolab

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A
Alex Keyssar
A
Amy Kuhn
Topics
Amy Kuhn:讲述了Birch Bayh试图废除选举人团制度的故事,以及这一制度的复杂性和历史背景。她认为这是一个可以被简化的制度,并且曾经几乎被简化。 Alex Keyssar:解释了选举人团制度的起源和演变,以及“赢者通吃”制度如何改变了总统选举的本质。他认为,该制度导致许多选票被浪费,并且不能保证得票最多的人获胜。 Jay Berman & Bob Blamire:描述了Birch Bayh的个人特质和政治策略,以及他如何利用其在参议院的职位推动修宪。 Jill Lepore:解释了Birch Bayh成功推动第二十五修正案通过后,如何开启了修宪的大门,以及他如何成为众多修宪提案的中心人物。 Harry Roth:代表支持选举人团制度的一方,他认为该制度可以保护少数族裔的利益,并防止极端主义。 Frederick Williams:讲述了Birch Bayh在废除选举人团制度的努力中遇到的阻力,以及一些非裔美国人和犹太人领袖为何反对他的提案。

Deep Dive

Key Insights

Why did Birch Bayh become radicalized about the Electoral College?

He learned it could allow a candidate to win without the most popular votes, eroding public confidence in the president and government.

Why did small state senators oppose Birch Bayh's amendment?

They wanted to preserve their two automatic electoral votes, a compromise from the Constitutional Convention for small states.

Why did Southern segregationists oppose Birch Bayh's amendment?

The Electoral College gave them more power while erasing Black voters, similar to the three-fifths clause at the convention.

Why did Jewish and Black leaders oppose Birch Bayh's amendment in the 1970s?

They believed the Electoral College gave them outsized power in swing states, which they feared losing in a national popular vote system.

Why did Nixon not support Birch Bayh's amendment despite earlier public statements?

Birch had led the charge against Nixon's Supreme Court nominees, potentially retaliating against Birch.

Why did Birch Bayh's amendment fail in 1979?

Opposition from liberal Democrats, remaining segregationists, and small state Republicans.

Why did Birch Bayh regret not abolishing the Electoral College?

He believed it could lead to a future where Americans refuse to recognize a president's legitimacy.

Chapters
The chapter explains the origins of the Electoral College in 1787 and how it was designed to balance the interests of large and small states, as well as the South, leading to its current structure.
  • The Electoral College was created to avoid having a king and to balance the interests of different states.
  • It was modeled after Congress with thumbs on scales for small states and the South.
  • The winner-take-all system was introduced in 1800 by Virginia to ensure their favored candidate, Jefferson, would win all their electoral votes.

Shownotes Transcript

As the US Presidential Election nears, Radiolab covers the closest we ever came to abolishing the Electoral College.

In the 1960s, then-President Lyndon Johnson approached an ambitious young Senator known as the Kennedy of the Midwest to tweak the way Americans elect their President. The more Senator Birch Bayh looked into the electoral college the more he believed it was a ticking time bomb hidden in the constitution, that someone needed to defuse. With overwhelming support in Congress, the endorsement of multiple Presidents, and polling showing that over 80% of the American public supported abolishing it, it looked like he might just pull it off. So why do we still have the electoral college? And will we actually ever get rid of it?

*Special thanks to Jesse Wegman, the University of Virginia’s Miller Center, Sarah Steinkamp at DePauw University, Sara Stefani at Indiana University Libraries, Olivia-Britain-Toole at Clemson University Special Collections, Tim Groeling at UCLA, Samuel Wang, Philip Stark, Walter Mebane, Laura Beth Schnitker at University of Maryland Special Collections, Hunter Estes at the Ethics and Public Policy Center, and the folks at Common Cause.*We have some exciting news! In the “Zoozve” episode, Radiolab named its first-ever quasi-moon, and now it's your turn! Radiolab has teamed up with The International Astronomical Union to launch a global naming contest for one of Earth’s quasi-moons. This is your chance to make your mark on the heavens. Vote on your favorites starting in November: https://radiolab.org/moon

EPISODE CREDITS: Reported by - Latif Nasser and Matt KieltyProduced by - Matt Kielty and Simon AdlerOriginal music and sound design contributed by - Matt Kielty, Simon Adler, and Jeremy Bloom Mixed by - Jeremy BloomFact-checking by - Diane Kellyand Edited by  - Becca Bressler and Pat Walters 

EPISODE CITATIONS:

Articles - 

Harry Roth, “Civil Rights Icon Defended the Electoral College Forty Years Ago)” (https://zpr.io/jmS5buEGxBzU))

Frederick Williams, “The Late Senator Birch Bayh: Best Friend of Black America),”

(https://zpr.io/NDiAgcK5UPhX))

Christopher DeMuth, “The Man Who Saved the Electoral College)” (https://zpr.io/PgneafdmWBVA))

Books - 

Jill Lepore, These Truths: A History of the United States) (https://zpr.io/FyzMJAY8G7qe))

Robert Blaemire, Birch Bayh: Making A Difference) (https://www.blaemire.us/)

Alex Keyssar, Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?) (https://zpr.io/kSf9uBQ7FHwa)) 

Let The People Pick the President: The Case for Abolishing The Electoral College) (https://zpr.io/mug4xcMqeZCw)) by Jesse Wegman 

Videos:

CGP Grey series on The Electoral College) (https://www.cgpgrey.com/the-electoral-college))

Birch Bayh speech about the Electoral College (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrAZVx7tekU) )(from Ball State University Library which has many more Birch Bayh archival clips)  

Birch Bayh’s campaign jingle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcvnS5zaxC4)

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Leadership support for Radiolab’s science programming is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation Initiative, and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radiolab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.