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cover of episode How Are Prenatal Blood Tests Detecting Cancer?

How Are Prenatal Blood Tests Detecting Cancer?

2025/4/11
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Science Quickly

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Laura Herscher
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Rachel Feltman
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Rachel Feltman: 无创产前基因检测 (NIPT) 是一种常规的孕期筛查,主要用于检测胎儿的染色体异常,但研究发现,它有时也能意外发现孕妇患有癌症。 Laura Herscher: IDENTIFY 研究证实了 NIPT 检测孕妇癌症的有效性。该研究对 NIPT 结果异常的孕妇进行全面检查,发现接近一半的孕妇患有癌症,其中当结果显示有多个染色体缺失或增加时,癌症的可能性非常高。这表明 NIPT 可以作为一种意外的癌症筛查工具。 此外,由于医学领域的分工明确,妇产科医生和肿瘤科医生对怀孕期间患癌的孕妇的治疗方案缺乏协调,这增加了诊断和治疗的难度。在怀孕期间发现癌症,有时需要考虑终止妊娠以获得更好的治疗效果,但这取决于患者的选择和当地法律法规。严格的堕胎法可能会限制医生在怀孕期间发现癌症时提供最佳治疗方案的能力。 随着女性生育年龄的推迟和年轻人群癌症发病率的上升,在怀孕期间诊断癌症的问题越来越突出。医学界正在努力改进在怀孕期间治疗癌症的方法,但目前仍存在一些挑战,例如医疗保障和医患沟通等问题。 Laura Herscher: NIPT 是一种非常常见的孕期筛查,大约一半的孕妇会进行这项检测。在 NIPT 出现之前,检测胎儿染色体异常的方法有羊膜穿刺术和绒毛膜取样术,这两种方法都具有侵入性,存在一定的风险。之前的孕期血检方法虽然方便快捷,但假阳性率很高。NIPT 检测的是孕妇血液中来自胎盘的游离DNA片段,通过分析这些片段可以判断胎儿的染色体是否异常。NIPT 不需要将胎儿DNA和母体DNA分开,只需要比较染色体片段数量的比例即可判断胎儿染色体是否异常。有时 NIPT 会出现一些“不一致”的结果,显示胎儿染色体异常,但实际上胎儿发育正常,这可能是因为检测到了孕妇体内的癌症信号。IDENTIFY 研究通过对 NIPT 结果异常的孕妇进行全面检查,证实了 NIPT 检测孕妇癌症的有效性。IDENTIFY 研究中发现的癌症病例中,部分患者在研究发表时已经去世,这突显了及早发现和治疗的重要性。目前 IDENTIFY 研究为参与者提供了全面的医疗保障,但研究结束后,患者可能需要自行承担医疗费用,这可能会影响他们的治疗。

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NIPT (Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing) is a common blood test during pregnancy, screening for fetal chromosomal disorders. It's become widespread due to its non-invasive nature and lower false positive rate compared to previous methods. However, it unexpectedly reveals maternal cancers in some cases.
  • NIPT screens for fetal chromosomal disorders
  • It's used in about 50% of pregnancies
  • It's non-invasive, unlike previous methods
  • It has a lower false positive rate
  • It unexpectedly detects maternal cancers in rare cases

Shownotes Transcript

Noninvasive prenatal blood testing, or NIPT, is a routine screening that is offered during pregnancy and looks for placental DNA to diagnose chromosomal disorders in a fetus. But in some cases, these tests can also find cancer in the pregnant person. How do the tests work, and why are they uncovering cancer? Genetic counselor and writer Laura Herscher speaks with host Rachel Feltman about IDENTIFY (Incidental Detection of Maternal Neoplasia through Non-invasive Cell-Free DNA Analysis), a broader study that seeks to understand why usual results from NIPT can correlate with a cancer diagnosis in a pregnant patient. Plus, we discuss why treating pregnant patients for cancer can be complicated for obstetricians and oncologists.

Recommended reading:

A Prenatal Test of the Fetus Turns Up Cancers in Pregnant Mothers https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-prenatal-test-of-the-fetus-turns-up-cancers-in-pregnant-mothers/

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Science Quickly is produced by Rachel Feltman, Fonda Mwangi, Kelso Harper, Naeem Amarsy and Jeff DelViscio. This episode was hosted by Rachel Feltman. Our show is edited by Alex Sugiura with fact-checking by Shayna Posses and Aaron Shattuck. The theme music was composed by Dominic Smith.

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