531. Hitler's War on Poland: The Pact with Stalin (Part 2)
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just got less painful. This night, for the first time, Polish regular soldiers fired on our territory. Since 5.45am, we have been returning their fire. And from now on, bombs will be met by bombs. Whoever fights with poison gas will be fought with poison gas.

Whoever departs from the rules of humane warfare can only expect that we shall do the same. And I will continue this struggle against any enemy until the safety and rights of the Reich are secured. I am asking no more of any German than what I did myself for four years. There will be no hardships that I do not share.

From this moment on, my entire life belongs to my people. I want nothing else now than to be the first soldier of the German Reich. I have now put on the same uniform that was once so dear, so sacred to me. I will only take it off.

when victory is won, or else I will not live to see it. So Dominic, the unmistakable tones there of Adolf Hitler, and he was addressing the Reichstag on the 1st of September 1939. And this was on the occasion of the declaration of war on Poland, which in effect, I know that historians of China may disagree, but let's run with this. It's basically the outbreak of the Second World War. And I gave him there, you know, doing his kind of rant,

People on YouTube were able to see me gesticulating and all of that frothing. Yeah. But actually, he was quite hesitant, really, wasn't he? Kind of occasionally stumbled over his words, seemed a bit nervous. Yes. You know, he's been looking forward to this great moment. And now when it's come, I mean, it's a kind of a slight measure of doubt. There is, I think, a lot of stress. I think Hitler's not the devil.

He's a human being. He's made of flesh and blood. And at this crucial moment in his career, the moment that his life, his political career has been building towards, the outbreak of the war in Europe that he has been predicting for so long,

I think he's in a bit of an emotional state, actually. He's in a bit of a mess because he doesn't know whether Britain and France are going to enter the war or not. Everything is in play. And yeah, he actually got the time wrong. So he said 5.45, but it was actually 4.45. He stumbled there and said the wrong time. And he was very, very hesitant. And with good reason, right? This is the moment that he throws the dice and we all know what the consequences for Europe will be, but also the consequences for Hitler himself. He looks ahead there to his own death.

I won't take this uniform off unless either victory is won or I am dead. And he's already, I think, anticipating what he will do if things go wrong, i.e. the Wagnerian fate. Yeah, dead at the funeral pyre of his capital. Exactly. So this is the second episode of our trilogy about the Nazi war on Poland. And we ended last time, Tom, as you may remember, with Hitler and his generals drawing up their plan of attack on the 11th of April 1939. The Poles have resisted their attempts to...

to persuade them to give up Danzig and to turn themselves into a satellite state. So he's drawn up this plan for an attack on Poland. And it's about the same time in April that Joachim von Ribbentrop, very much not somebody admired by the rest of history, it's fair to say, for all kinds of reasons, sartorial and ideological. Tailoring, I think, high on the list. Tailoring very high on the list.

that he suggests an idea that on paper seems completely unthinkable, which is why don't we do a deal with our ideological archenemy Stalin and divide up Poland between us? And we'll be following that story in today's episode. But the man you've been ventriloquizing there, in an impression that may get you cancelled, it's kind of hard to tell, isn't it?

I don't think so. You don't think so? No. I think there was a lot of gusto there. Well, I mean, I think if you're conveying a sense of Hitler's manic, demonic energy... You've got to go for it. You've got to go for it, haven't you? I suppose you do. Yeah, I suppose you do. I mean, it's important to feel...

What's motivating and driving him? Unless you don't understand the war. Yeah, method acting. Anyway, Hitler himself, right, he's 50 years old. He had celebrated his 50th birthday on the 20th of April 1939. So just nine days after the plan was drawn up for the destruction of Poland.

And to mark the big day, I mean, it is one of the most extraordinary birthday parties in history. Goebbels organised what Ian Kershaw, Hitler's great biographer, called an astonishing extravaganza of the Führer cult. So they have a huge parade of limousines down this new road, this new avenue in Berlin called the East-West Axis, which has been planned as the main boulevard of the new capital of Germania. Berlin will be renamed in time Germania. That's Hitler's plan. And this is what Hitler's been chatting about with

Albert Speer. Yeah, interminably. Yeah, drawing up little plans and big domes and things. Exactly. They have huge torchlit parades. And at midnight, so midnight's the moment basically that Hitler's birthday begins, Speer presents him with a big model for the new Triumphal Arch that they are planning, which would be the biggest Triumphal Arch in the world. Yes, so much bigger than the Arte Triumph. Exactly. And then the next day there's a gigantic military parade, a five-hour military parade, and Hitler stands...

He doesn't sit down. He stands and watches the whole thing, and he's clearly delighted. And again, this is a reminder of how strange Hitler is, because I think for most dictators, this would be the apotheosis, the climax. You've turned 50. You've conquered everything. You've achieved all the foreign policy goals of any German nationalist, pretty much.

This is the point to stop and slow down and enjoy it. And also, you're not well, are you? You're necking quantities of gun oil and stuff. Yes, that's right. You're popping amphetamines. Yeah, absolutely. But as Ian Kershaw points out, 50 is an age where a lot of people

tend to take stock. It's your classic kind of midlife crisis moment. So his midlife crisis is starting the Second World War. I mean, some people go to the gym, some people buy a red motorbike. Yeah. Other people start world conflicts. Well, that's Hitler, as Kershaw said. He spends all the time thinking about his own approaching death. Death is on his mind all the time. He has a sense of loss of vigour, great anxiety about his health, and this tremendous sense of time running out

It's really important to him to strike soon. Most of his high command are ultimately desperate to avoid war with the West because they think, why gamble everything? Why risk everything when we've achieved so much? You know, we're in power. We enjoy being in power. We don't want to throw that away. That's how most authoritarians and dictators think. Not Hitler. He must have his war.

So eight days after his birthday, he gives a landmark speech at the Reichstag. He renounces the non-aggression pact with Poland. So, Tom, this is picking up your point from last time about what these pacts were. The answer is nothing. He also tears up the naval treaty with Britain.

And for the first time, he publicly lays out the grievances that he and Ribbentrop have prepared. So that's Danzig, which we heard about last time, and the Polish corridor. And then a month goes by and he summons his commanders to the Reich Chancellery and he gives them the full Adolf Hitler bingo card. So we're being strangled economically. We need more living space, our racial destiny, all of this kind of stuff. Jews? Yeah, the Jews are behind everything, of course.

He says Poland is the target. Absolutely, there will be war. But here he goes beyond anything that he has said to his generals before. For the first time, he does not talk. He explicitly rules out, in fact, a friendship or alliance with the other Anglo-Saxon Germanic world power, which is Britain or England, as he always calls it.

He had always talked in the long run about some kind of deal with England. You know, that basically was part of his vision. Germany rules Europe. Exactly. And what had been Russia and Britain rules the rest of the world, basically. Exactly. But now for the first time, he says explicitly, England is our enemy and the showdown with England is a matter of life and death. So he's already beginning to recalibrate his attention a little bit from the east towards the west to see the west as an ideological archenemy as well.

And for the first time, we have a preview of what's going to happen in 1940.

He says, you know, I've been thinking about this a lot. We will have to take Holland and Belgium. We'll take France. We can easily take France. Of course, he is right. They do easily take France. But to his generals, it's mad, isn't it? Yeah. Because on the Western border, Germany is outnumbered six to one by the French. Yeah. And as we will see in next week's episode, as the war begins, there is a case that, you know, if the French had shown a little bit more gumption. Had gone in, gone in hard. Yeah. That would have been a very different outcome.

But he says we can take France. We'll take the Atlantic seaboard and the channel and that will allow us to blockade England. We'll strangle England and bring them to their knees. The only question in his mind is the timetable. I think at this point he's still thinking we do Poland this year.

And then maybe, you know, the West, Western Europe in a couple of years time. But so he doesn't think that invading Poland will bring Britain and France into the war because he despises them as little worms, their leaders. And that will run through today's episode. His misjudgment, Hitler has judged...

his foreign policy coups very cleverly up to this point. But I think from this point on, or rather from the final attack on Czechoslovakia that we did last time, from that point on, I think he completely misreads London. Do you think that's because he's actually met the British and French leaders in person? That's a good point, actually. It's funny that he starts to get them wrong after he's met them. Yeah. I think that's part of it. I think vanity is part of it. He feels...

He was so affronted by Chamberlain and Chamberlain getting applause in Munich and so on. And he has such personal contempt for Chamberlain that he just can't take him seriously at all. But also, I think by this point, A, Hitler's off his head on gun oil. But B, he has completely drunk the Führer Kool-Aid. You know, he now thinks all this business about I've been chosen by Providence. Yeah, he's all into that. You don't want a leader who thinks like that. I mean, that's mad.

Anyway, that spring and summer, Ribbentrop's diplomats lay the foundations. They make all these more non-aggression pacts, which, as you will know, Tom, are worthless with people like the Danes, the Latvians, the Estonians. We shall see, of course, what these non-aggression pacts are worth.

He does a deal with Yugoslavia for its copper. He does a deal with Romania for its oil and its wheat. So these are clever deals. These are stocking up. It's like playing a board game. It is. And presumably the player that Hitler is on the other side of the game board is France, which a country that has...

traditional links with a lot of these countries had tried to forge a kind of military alliance. But presumably in the wake of Munich is totally shot, no credibility left at all. And I wonder also,

by this point, there is a sense across most of Europe and maybe across most of the world that democracy itself is shot. Yeah, I think so. That fascism is the face of the future and that, you know, the democracies with their shabby leaders and their kind of

kind of old-fashioned clothes are just heading towards a scrap heap of history. Totally there is, Tom. I think you're absolutely right. And I think that's been running through the 1930s within the democracies themselves, of course. Lots of all these, you know, bright young men at Cambridge who are Stalinists, for example. Yeah, they want to be on the right side of history. And Chamberlain and Deladier...

are not on the right side of history. They look stuffy. They look boring. They look dithery. They look weak. And if you're, as you say, if you're a government in Eastern Europe looking for an ally, you say France, really? I mean, they were great allies at Czechoslovakia. And where are they now?

Whereas you think Hitler wins, you know, he judges things correctly. He's decisive. He's strong. You know, that's the calculation that a lot of these people are making. But also the ideology behind it, the kind of the image of strength and power.

maybe, you know, this is the future. Yeah. Seductive. It's glamorous. It seems modern. Exactly right. Exactly. Now, one person who has a little bit ambivalent is Mussolini. Mussolini doesn't want a war at all, but he's basically tricked into signing the Pact of Steel, a renewed, deepened military alliance. I mean, honestly, I mean, if you're signing something called the Pact of Steel, you

You should know what you're getting yourself into. With a load of people who've got skull and crossbones on their hands. Yeah, I mean, you know, there are clues there. But Ribbentrop says to him, listen, don't worry. I mean, we're not thinking about war for five years, which is, I mean, that's all right. And Mussolini says, oh, well, fine. Fair enough. Yeah, we'll do it.

All that summer, Hitler does his usual trick that he'd done last time of basically trying to pretend that he hasn't got any military plans at all. So he just goes on a tour of his childhood haunts in Austria. He goes to Bayreuth to listen to Wagner. I know you're a great devotee of Wagner, aren't you, Tom? So again, a

a disturbing similarity. Another pointer of comparison. Yeah, exactly. He's got Unity Mitford with him. Yeah, and you love the Mitfords. Oh my God. Yeah, it's all stacking up. And he goes to this huge festival of German culture in Munich, doesn't he? Which has become a kind of annual celebration of basically artworks. Who is it? There's an artist who's called the pubic hair artist or something because he's always sculpting.

Kind of nudes, German nudes. And Goebbels is all over this. And he goes there and ogles all the women who are wearing kind of exotic German costumes and things. It's all quite odd. And of course, he spends loads of time in the eagle's nest going for walks and talking to Speer about triumphal arches and watching terrible films and stuff. Meanwhile, just as in the Czech crisis, Goebbels' propaganda machine has cranked up.

pouring out all these grievances and what they will do, just as in the Sudetenland, they'll take a genuine, often a local grievance with a grain of truth and then massively amplify and exaggerate it into a colossal injustice.

So this time, remember last time it was a guy who was basically a PE teacher called Konrad Henlein. Yeah. And now there's a fellow called Albert Forster. He's the Nazi party chief in Danzig. He came from the same town, interestingly, as Henry Kissinger called Fürth in Franconia. Kissinger, of course, a refugee from Nazi Germany. I mean, a huge part of Kissinger's makeup is that experience. Yeah. Anyway, there's this huge stream of stories saying basically that

You know, ethnic Germans in Poland are being beaten up. They're being attacked, all of this kind of thing. Now, it is true that Poland has a much more nationalistic government than Czechoslovakia did. But as Richard Evans says in his book on the Third Reich, these stories are nevertheless massive exaggerations at best and complete inventions at worst. And what Forster's goons will do is they will stage provocations to try and get a Polish counter-reaction.

So they take a great offence at the fact that Poles have things like customs offices and post offices in Danzig. And they're always claiming that Polish postmen and customs inspectors are kind of beating up Germans and all of this kind of thing. And the thing is that this has a very ready audience in Germany. We talked before, didn't we, in the Munich episodes about what ordinary Germans make of all this kind of thing. Do they believe it?

And I think a lot of ordinary Germans absolutely swallow this stuff. They've been primed to swallow it actually by decades, if not centuries.

Of prejudice against the Poles. But I suppose Danzig is slightly different to, say, Austria or the Statenland, in that those were never part of Germany, whereas Danzig had been part of Germany. Yeah. So it'd be like for us, I don't know, Bournemouth was an open city or something. You'd think, hmm. I suppose. I mean, Danzig has... Danzig, there had been periods where Danzig had been Polish, so it had changed hands. So maybe Berwick. Yeah, maybe Berwick is a good example. Danzig...

Don't forget, the population is 90% German. And most ordinary Germans would absolutely say Danzig ought to be part of Germany. It's bonkers that it's a free city. They don't like the Poles. They are really the one nationality that most Germans are united in regarding as backward and dirty and all of that kind of thing. And most people, they simply can't conceive that the Western powers would fight for Danzig. After all, they didn't fight for the Sudetenland.

Why would they fight for what is obviously a German city? That's the way they think about it. So while all that's going on, Hitler is planning this diplomatic coup. So if you're Hitler and you look at this, the one thing you fear most is that you would fight Britain and France in the West and Poland and the Soviet Union in the East. Now, a deal with the Soviet Union, obviously it would be a massive U-turn because so much of Hitler's ideology is based on

anti-Bolshevism. But all this time, Ribbentrop has been saying to him, I mean, just think if we did have a deal with Stalin, it would solve so many problems. Is it really so outlandish? Isn't it a good idea? You know, shouldn't we think about it? And the good news for the Nazis is that from Stalin's point of view as well,

The timing is absolutely perfect. Because Stalin has just had this, the great terror. He has just killed almost a million people in two years, including almost all of the top brass of the Red Army and the people who run all the munitions factories and all of the technical experts and all of these people. He's killed all these people. The Red Army is in an absolute mess, total shambles. He knows that one day Hitler will attack him because Hitler has been saying that for two decades.

He knows he's in no state to resist. So he thinks, well, why not? I mean, why not buy ourselves a little bit more time? Because although he knows as well, of course, that Britain and France, you know, they've made informal kind of feelers about a deal with Stalin, but he knows that they despise him. And he also thinks they're weak, right? I think it's that that's more important because obviously Hitler despises him too. I mean, everyone hates him. Yeah. But it's the perceived weakness of Britain and France. Surely. Yeah.

Because Stalin is a strong man. And so he respects, even if he fears, other strong men. The British and French do send a military mission to talk to Stalin. Have you seen this? And it was led by a man called Admiral Sir Reginald Aylmer Ranfurly Plunkett Ernal Earl Drax. It just seems disrespectful of Stalin not to respond to a... A man with so many names. Yes. A peace mission. Yes.

Led by a man with so many names, yes. But this guy's quite a junior guy. And the French send, I think, an even more junior person. And Stalin's like, what, these people are not serious. I mean, they're never going to give me a proper deal. Like, it would have to answer to their parliaments and all that. This isn't going to go anywhere. And that's another key thing, isn't it? Yeah. That the British and French governments do have parliaments and electorates to answer to. Exactly. Whereas neither Hitler nor Stalin have to worry about that. Exactly. And obviously...

communists and fascists respectively will be appalled at the idea of cozying up to the enemy. But who cares? They'll just have to lump it. Yeah, exactly. That's the thing. So Stalin that spring started to send out signals to the Germans. He started to make speeches attacking the West.

He sacked his long-serving foreign minister, Maxim Litvinov, who hated... He was Jewish, isn't he? He was Jewish and hated the Nazis and had been trying to work for years for better relations with the West. And he replaces him with Vyacheslav Molotov, named after the hammer. Is that like Charles Martel? Yeah, like Charles Martel. Molotov means hammer in Russian. So Molotov is the ultimate kind of Stalin, ultra-loyalist. And he's not Jewish. And the Nazis take that as a very promising sign. Ribbentrop...

Ribbentrop loves this idea of a deal because, of course, A, it would stab Britain in the back, which, I mean, he hates Britain and he can't wait. What a coup that would be. But also for Ribbentrop, Ribbentrop is the ultimate courtier. He wants to cement his position as Hitler's most effective and most loyal underling, especially vis-a-vis his great enemy, Goering. So Ribbentrop is kind of working very hard on this all through the summer. And on the 5th of August, a Soviet diplomat says to him,

Stalin is actually quite interested in this. This could happen. And then they get this great breakthrough on the night of the 19th of August. So first of all, the Soviets agree, after months of on-off talks, they agree a trade deal with the Nazis. They will sell them raw materials in return for German manufactured goods. And then Hitler and Ribbentrop are at the Eagle's Nest, overlooking this amazing panorama of the mountains on the German-Austrian border.

And they get a call. Stalin would like to open talks about a deal, a non-aggression pact. I mean, we know what they're worth, but more importantly, a deal to divide up Poland between them. And he's and he's inviting Ribbentrop to Moscow to conclude the deal. Now, Ribbentrop, as you can imagine, is absolutely thrilled by this deal.

Stalin says, I'd like you to come in a week on the 26th of August. And at that Hitler's face falls a little bit when he hears the news. He says, oh, that's very late. I really need the army to strike Poland, you know, latest 1st of September.

Because once it starts raining, that will turn the flat fields of Western Poland into a quagmire and that will be very bad for our tanks. So really, we would ideally like this deal earlier. And Hitler does something extraordinary. He intervenes personally. He sends a personal message to Stalin via the German embassy in Moscow. Please, can Ribbentrop come earlier to Moscow?

This makes an incredible impression on Stalin. Stalin has always been treated by the West as a complete pariah, as a kind of madman, you know, an animal, loose in the world of civilised human beings. And here is Hitler, who has demonised Stalin for so long,

treating him as an equal, treating him with respect, saying, asking very politely, please can my foreign minister come a week earlier? So a tribute to the efficacy of good manners. Yes, I guess so, Tom. Because two days later, on the afternoon of the 21st of August, Stalin sends a telegram back and he says, oh, that would be lovely. Ribbentrop will be very welcome here in two days time on the 23rd of August. And

Hitler inevitably is with Albert Speer at the eagle's nest when he hears architectural chit-chat. Yeah, balustrades or something. When he gets the news and Speer wrote an account of this, he said, Hitler stared into space for a moment. He flushed deeply. Then he banged on the table so hard that the glasses rattled and he exclaimed in a voice breaking with excitement. I have them. I have them.

And then he called for champagne. And who do you think the them is? That's so, I was thinking about that. I think it's Britain and France. I think at this point. Or the Poles as well. Possibly the Poles as well, of course. But I think he is maddened with hatred now of the West, Hitler. Because he feels they cheated him of his war and then they gave the Poles their guarantee. You know, he's a bitter, he's a bad man out of Hitler, Tom. What can I say?

Anyway, the news breaks. They announce the news in Berlin just a couple of hours later, so just before midnight. So they don't keep it secret? No. This is an interesting thing. Until I'd read up on this, this was a revelation to me. I'd always thought it was done kind of back channels. No, that the reaction to the Nazi-Soviet pact actually comes before the pact is formally signed. So they announce the news. Ribbentrop will be flying to Moscow to conclude a deal with Stalin.

And now some old, long standing Nazis are appalled. And actually, there are stories of people throwing down their badges outside party headquarters in Munich, Munich, where the Nazi party began. People who would be very, very anti-Bolshevik and would have been for 20 years. What? The Bolsheviks are our greatest enemies and they're throwing their badges away.

But lots of Germans actually think, "Oh, brilliant. Now we won't have a war with Russia and that's such a relief. Isn't that wonderful? You know, great news." Because of course they don't want war. The communists, of course, are

They're kind of... They're more, I guess, kind of ideologically principled on this kind of thing, I guess. I think bewildered is the... Yeah. Bewildered and confused. If you're a Stalinist, of course, you just say, well, Stalin is the great genius. But there are definitely a lot of communists who are proper Marxists who are appalled by this and who are really troubled by it. But then lots of people make up excuses. They say, well, Stalin had no choice. He was abandoned by the West, all of that kind of thing. So...

The next day, the 22nd, Hitler convenes a big summit at the Berghof, at the Eagle's Nest. He gets 50 senior officers and Ribbentrop. Ribbentrop has packed his bags and is poised to fly. And Hitler says, this is a really important meeting. I don't want anyone to take any notes. It is absolutely top secret. But because it's so important, some of them write down their recollections afterwards. So we kind of know what Hitler said. And even by his own standards, it's an extraordinary performance.

He says, I'd always planned for a European war and I'd always thought we'd fight West and then East. But I've changed my mind. It's because of the economic situation because the wheels are about to come off our economy. And he says to them, the reason we're doing this now is because of me, because I'm actually such an extraordinary person. Everything depends on me because of my political talents. There will never again in the future be a man with more authority than I have. I mean, imagine listening to this from your boss.

I could be eliminated at any time by a criminal or a lunatic. No one knows how much longer I shall live. Therefore, we'll have to have the war now because, I mean, I could be dead in a year. Who knows? You'd be worried, I guess, if you were kind of human resources manager, if you heard the boss of your organization talking like that. You would. Yeah.

Now, this is when he comes out with his line about Britain and France being little worms. He says, I saw them in Munich. They won't fight. Yeah. So it's that personal contact again, isn't it? Yeah. I've looked into their eyes and I've seen that they're wimps. Yeah, exactly. And then as for the deal with the Soviet Union, he says, yeah, I mean, it's an unusual departure for a fascist. However, he says...

I know that Stalin is a very sick man. I mean, talk about projection. Stalin, he says, is a very sick man. After Stalin's death, we'll rip up the deal and we will break the Soviet Union. And then there will begin the dawn of the German rule of the earth.

Imagine listening to that with a straight face. I mean, obviously these guys do listen to a straight face. Now, after lunch, he outlines the plans for how they're going to fight the war in Poland. We'll talk about that next week in Monday's episode about the war in Poland itself. So we'll just leave the speech at that point. Because this is the point when Ribbentrop leaves. Ribbentrop excuses himself after lunch. He flies to Berlin. Then he gets on Hitler's, he changes planes to Hitler's private Condor plane and he flies to East Prussia.

He spends the evening in East Prussia and he's nervously going over his notes for the meeting with Molotov the next day.

And then on the early morning of the 23rd, Ribbentrop flies on to Moscow. What an extraordinary moment this is. I mean, imagine what's going through his mind. And he takes with him, by the way, Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann, who's a great source on this. And we'll be talking about some of the comic activities with photographs later on. Cigars, isn't it? Cigars and photographs and drinking. So Ribbentrop finally lands in Moscow and

And he is met by sort of grim-faced men with cars straight away. And he is driven directly to the Kremlin, the seat of communism on earth. I mean, what an incredible moment this is.

And he's escorted into this long, sort of gilded marble hall with chandeliers and whatnot. And waiting at the end, there's Molotov. But to his surprise, there's also another man, a small man with very familiar features. Does he have a moustache? A gigantic moustache. And it is, of course, Stalin. Now, Ribbentrop didn't know that Stalin was going to be there to meet him, so he's a bit taken aback. And Ribbentrop comes out with his sort of polished diplomatic uniform

You know, we're lovely to be building a new relationship. We're looking forward to this moment for years. And Stalin is very relaxed and jovial. And Stalin says, we've poured buckets of filth. He uses a much more earthy word than filth over each other for years. He says, but there's no reason we can't bury the hatchet now. Come on, let's bury the hatchet. And Ribbentrop kicks off with a very, very Hitler idea. Let us stun the world with a non-aggression pact to last 100 years.

That's very Dr. Evil. That's very Dr. Evil. And Stalin kind of laughs. And he says, if we say this pact will last for 100 years, people will laugh at us for not being serious. I suggest 10 years. 10 years is more reasonable. There's the difference between Hitler and Stalin, right? But both of them must equally know it's not going to last. Of course they do. Even 10 years. Of course they do. That's the amazing thing. Absolutely it is. So the pact is one thing. But of course, the really important thing is the secret protocol to divide up Europe between them.

And Ribbentrop says, here's Hitler's offer. You can have Finland, you can have Estonia, you can have most of Latvia, you can have eastern Poland up to the River Vistula and the Seine, and you can have the Romanian region of Bessarabia, which is modern-day Moldova, which, of course, they do get. And Stalin says, that's all great, but I would also like the coast of Latvia. And that's a bit of a stumbling block. And Ribbentrop says, I'll have to ring Hitler. I can't agree to that. I'll have to ring Hitler.

Now Hitler is at the eagle's nest and it's an extraordinary scene actually. He's pacing up and down very nervously on the terrace. He's very tense.

His adjutant was with him, Nikolaus von Beloff, and he described, he said it was a beautiful evening, an August evening in the mountains, and the sun was setting. Von Beloff said, as we strolled up and down, the eerie turquoise-coloured sky to the north turned first violet and then blood red. At first we thought there must be a serious fire behind the Untesberg, the mountain.

But then the glow covered the whole northern sky in the manner of the northern lights. I was very moved and I told Hitler that it augured a bloody war. Oh, that's nice. That's a moving thing to say. And Hitler replied that if it must be so, then the sooner the better. For the more time went by, the bloodier it would be. And at that point, the phone rings.

And everybody's like, oh, my God, the phone's ringing. It's the news from Moscow. And Hitler picks up the phone and he just listens in silence. He doesn't say anything. And then he puts the phone down and he still says nothing. And then he says, bring me a map. So a map of the Baltic states. Someone brings him this map and Hitler stares at it. And then half an hour later, he's like, OK. And he rings back and he says, yes, agreed. Now, back in Moscow, Ribbentrop puts down the phone and he says, it's on.

So they finalise the details. At midnight, Stalin's servants bring in caviar and vodka and Crimean sparkling wine. So Ribbentrop would have enjoyed that. As a sparkler. As a sponsor of sparkling wine. That's true, I hadn't thought of that. Maybe he could have a... Yeah, maybe. Maybe they did a little tasting. Put me in touch with your supplier. Yes.

And they light up a load of cigarettes and they start making toasts. Stalin incredibly makes this toast. He says, I know how much the German nation loves its Fuhrer. I should like to drink to his health. And he leaves. He keeps that quiet in 1943. He does indeed. Yes, he did. He didn't talk often about that toast.

Now, the documents are ready. They've been finalized and they're prepared to sign. At this point, Hoffman, the photographer, comes in and he sets up this huge tripod and his camera and everything. And Stalin says, hold on, hold on, hold on. You can't take photos like this. We have to clear all the glasses away, all the caviar, because otherwise people will say they signed this pact when they were absolutely wasted. And that's really bad publicity. So...

They clear the stuff away and then Hoffman takes the photos. And these are the photos that you see if you Google it. So you see Molotov and Ribbentrop, very smart suited, actually, given the abuse we've given Ribbentrop about his suits. He's signed their signing and Stalin is in the background beaming, looking very jolly because he's tanked up on vodka and sparkling wine in his kind of beige tunic. Moustache bristling. And then Ribbentrop rings Hitler again.

Hitler inevitably has been watching a film with Goebbels, but he's not really been enjoying it because he's too nervous. He wants to find out how it's going. And Ribbentrop says, brilliant. It has been a complete success. We have everything we wanted. And Hitler says, congratulations. And then Hitler says, that will hit them like a bombshell.

Well, when we get bombshells in The Rest is History, we generally like to take a break. So I think that is what we will do. Hello, welcome back to The Rest is History. And Dominic, a bombshell has just exploded in the form of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. It has. Hitler and Stalin have divided up Eastern Europe between them.

And how does this all go down? Well, Ribbentrop flies back to Berlin to a hero's reception, not surprisingly. Hitler hails him, says, you know, well done, mate. Brilliant. You are second Bismarck. And of course, to Ribbentrop, that is music to his ears. Ribbentrop and Hitler now

They're absolutely convinced this has guaranteed them a free hand against Poland. With the Soviet Union out, there is no way Britain and France will fight. They're convinced of this. Now, I mentioned the photographer Heinrich Hoffmann. He has come back to and he's been developing his photographs of the signing, which Stalin had said clear the glasses away. And he goes into the Reich Chancellery to show them to Hitler.

Hitler is obsessed with Stalin. He is absolutely obsessed. He's bombarded. He's his only peer, isn't he? Yes, I think so. Hitler said there are only three great men in the world. They are me, Stalin and Mussolini. And Mussolini is definitely third.

So Stalin is the other great man and he's just fascinated with Stalin. And he says to Hoffman, does he order people? Does he order them or does he cloak his orders in the guise of wishes? What about his health? Does he really smoke so much? How does he shake hands? What's his handshake like? It's just a shame they never met, isn't it?

Oh, they'd have got on so well. A lot of the Nazis, we know this from Ted Heath. Did you know this? Ted Heath went to a Nuremberg rally, the future British prime minister, when he was on a kind of gap year in Germany. Yeah, in 1938. Yeah. And he said he met Himmler and Goering. He said they had terrible handshakes by and large, very limp, drooping handshakes.

And I would imagine Hitler had a poor handshake. Stalin, I don't know. I think he'd have a crunching handshake. Stalin's a bear hug kind of man, isn't he? Yeah. The thing that Hitler is really fixated on, have you seen this? Stalin's earlobes. Yes, because that's a sign of Jewishness, isn't it? He says, are they ingrown and Jewish or are they separate and Aryan? And the photographer Hoffman says they're separate. And Hitler apparently is delighted by that. He says, oh, that's brilliant. I'm so pleased. I'm glad that Stalin's got Aryan earlobes.

And then they get out the photographs and Hitler's face falls to the floor. What? He says, oh, what a pity. There's not a single one of these photographs we can use. And Hoffman, who considers himself quite a good photographer, is quite displeased by this. Why? And Hitler says, well, in every single photograph, Stalin is smoking.

And he says the German people would take offence at this. Because Hitler's very anti-smoking, isn't he? Because you were saying in the previous episode how he spent his time wanting to ban them. Yeah, exactly. Hitler wanted to reduce nicotine in cigarettes. He's a health and safety Nazi. He's a health and safety Nazi. Exactly.

Exactly. He's a nanny state Nazi. What can I say? Hitler says, the signing of a pact is a solemn act. Which one does not approach with a cigarette dangling from one's lips? Such a photograph smacks of levity. See if you can paint out the cigarettes. And so the photographs released to the press by Hoffman have been doctored

And Stalin's cigarettes will be taken out. It's so Orwellian, isn't it? First they came for the cigarettes. That's true. Yeah. Then, yes. So Stalin's reaction is fair to say is a little bit less eccentric.

So Stalin met his entourage the next day and his underlings had gone out and shot a load of duck. He loved eating duck. So they're eating all this duck and Stalin's in brilliant form. He's never been happier. And he says, you know, he's a smarter man than Hitler, frankly. He says, of course, it's all a game to see who can fool whom.

I know what Hitler's up to. He thinks he's outsmarted me, but it's actually me who has tricked him. Well, is that true? Hitler's the one who launches a surprise attack. Yeah, but who's got the last laugh, Tom? True. I mean, yeah. Anyway, they're both bad men, let's be frank about it. Now, in the rest of the world, the reaction, of course, is total shock.

Among the communists, in British newspapers and French newspapers and so on, Neville Chamberlain is a broken man because of this. Joseph Kennedy, the American ambassador, said, he looks like a broken man. He said he could think of nothing further to say or do. He felt that all his work had come to naught. I can't fly again because that was good only once. In other words, Chamberlain recognises there's no possibility now for any more appeasement. The whole constellation has changed. However...

Britain will not change its approach. So this is one thing that Hitler really misjudged. Hitler was convinced that this marked the end of the British and French guarantee to Poland, that there's no way they would fight. But actually, the 22nd of August, the day that the news of the signing of the pact reached London, the British cabinet reaffirmed its commitment to Poland. And they decided to send the ambassador in Berlin, Neville Henderson,

to the eagle's nest with a letter to Hitler to say don't get this wrong we are not going to change we are still completely committed to Poland and how does this go down with Hitler poorly I think it's fair to say so we talked about Henderson last time he loves a carnation he's an old Etonian he's got a gigantic moustache he's very elegant family link to Alice in Wonderland exactly so Henderson turns up at the eagle's nest and Hitler just starts ranting and raving about he can't believe that the British are doing this

Hitler says, you know, we've wanted to be friends with you. You clearly hate us. We will fight you to the last man. And Henderson is very upset by this because he has spent his career trying to get in with the Nazis. He sees that as his task. Well, he's a great man for thinking that there are moderates, aren't there? Yes. So there are extreme Nazis and there are moderate Nazis. Yeah. And I think it's fair to say he's probably not right about that. He's not right at all. He's a brilliant lesson in self-delusion.

And Henderson is really upset by Hitler's reaction. He basically storms out in the verge of tears or verge of a massive...

outburst of rage or something. I don't think someone who went to Eton in the first half of the 20th century would blub. You don't think so? You don't think Roy Stewart would break down in such similar circumstances? Yeah, Roy Stewart's a later Etonian. Okay. But the early ones. You don't think they would? No, I mean, that's the whole point of going to Eton is you get beaten if you show a kind of single trace of emotion. All right. Well, Henderson, I think, is very emotional at this point because all his work has come to nothing. And

And when he goes out, do you know what Hitler does? He literally slaps his thigh. This was Hitler's great thing. He loved slapping his thigh. He does chortle. He says, ha, ha, ha, ha, Chamberlain won't survive this discussion. His cabinet will fall this evening. It does really feel like a kind of board game, doesn't it? Kind of like diplomacy or something. It does. But also in which one person has now completely lost sight of reality because there's no way Chamberlain's cabinet is going to fall apart. I mean, Hitler's completely deluded. So I think...

At this point, Hitler has just completely lost the ability to read what's going on in Britain and France. I mean, he's all over the shop because the next couple of days go by and he gets all these reports from London. The British are actually preparing for war. They've made coastal defence preparations. They have requisitioned merchant ships. They put their air raid on standby. In France, almost a million men have been called up to the colours. Hitler can't get his head around this. What? Why are they sticking by the mad pledge to Poland? Why haven't they yielded to reality?

And so he says, well, I'm going to have to change tactics, clearly. So on the Friday, which is the 25th of August, he's moved back to Berlin and he says, get Henderson back. So Henderson comes back to the Reich Chancellery and says, look, I've changed my mind. I will make Britain a very generous offer. If you let me solve this Polish problem, I promise that will be it. And I will guarantee the integrity of the British Empire forever.

And actually, I'll even lend you German forces to defend the British Empire as long as you let us have some of our pre-1914 colonies back. So come on, that's a brilliant deal. We can be friends. And he says, do you know what? It's such a good deal, actually. I think you should take my private plane and go to London and offer it to Chamberlain personally. And then he says, I mean, this is shameless.

He says to Henderson, the thing is, I actually hate war. I'm not a warrior. I'm an artist. When this Polish business is settled, I'll probably give up and just go back to art because that's what I'm really all about. So, Dominic, I mean, this whole thing on all these episodes, Tour de Force, Magnificent, you've covered yourself in glory. But at this point, you shame yourself. No. You've written in your notes that...

Hitler is John Lennon. Yeah. Just an artist. Are you going to slap your thigh and chortle? Almost certainly. But once the recording is finished, I think, just privately. Just imagine, Tom, imagine there's no religion. Imagine there's no countries. It isn't hard to do. That's what Hitler said afterwards. He just loves art. Come on. So the irony is, of course, while Hitler is pontificating about art, imagine this and that and the other.

His generals are preparing to launch the invasion of Poland the very next morning. The very next morning, Saturday the 26th of August. Everything is ready. The final decision is delayed because Hitler is still talking to Henderson about his love of watercolours. But at last, that afternoon, he gives the order. We're going tomorrow, the 26th, 4.30 in the morning.

The British will be taken by surprise. It'll be a fait accompli. They'll just have to suck it up. Brilliant. Everything is ready. The wheels are put in motion. The generals are ready. And then, unbelievably, at 7.30 that evening, they get a new order from Hitler. It's off. It's cancelled. What? What's happened? What's happened? Unbelievable twist. Well, Mussolini. Mussolini, once again, has thrown a spanner in the works. Late that afternoon, he sent Hitler a message.

This war you're planning against... Actually, I don't fancy this war at all. Italy's not ready for a war. We don't fancy this. Hitler can't believe it. What? The Pact of Steel is for nothing? He says, Mussolini has betrayed me. The Italians are behaving just like they did in 1914. You can never rely on the Italians. So, I mean, it's all right for Hitler to rip up the pact.

pacts and treaties but when it's done to him he doesn't like it at all yeah on the other hand tom you could say the italians had let germany down in 1940 so hitler could you know should perhaps have been forewarned anyway it's too late to stop all the preparations the army are outraged i mean they do stop most of the preparations but some units do go ahead so there's a there's an attack on a railway tunnel in the carpathians that is actually beaten back by the poles overnight and

The Poles wanted to order general mobilisation of their own, but the British and the French say, don't do it, don't do it. Don't provoke Hitler. And as we will discover next time... That's really, I mean, terrible for the Poles. This is terrible for the Poles because it means when the war does start, they are not properly ready. So, as a result of Mussolini dragging his feet, the timetable is sort of frozen. Everybody is still in place, but, you know, the war has been postponed. And that gives Hitler one last chance to find a deal with Britain.

Now, at this point, he has given up on traditional diplomacy. You know, the stuff with Henderson isn't going to work, clearly. Ribbentrop says, look, it's pointless. You know, they're not going to abandon Poland now. But Goering is still hanging around in his white suit. He kind of likes the idea of a deal. Not least because it would kind of stiff Ribbentrop, right? Exactly. He has this mate who's a Swedish industrialist called Berger Dalarus, who Goering uses often as a kind of go-between.

with london and hitler says well let's maybe use this bloke this dalarus so he sends this swedish guy off to london with an alliance offer an alliance offer for britain so he still hasn't given up on that old idea again this is quite reminiscent of um they build up the first world it is i was just thinking about that about the kaiser's various attempts at the last minute to have a deal with the british and he says look dalarus's offer is um germany gets danzig

Germany gets the Polish corridor. Germany gets its old colonies in Africa and stuff. But it will guarantee Poland's borders and it will do all this deal with the British Empire and it will defend the British Empire. The difference this time is Hitler says, we'll have this deal first and then we'll only worry about the Polish business afterwards. It's so important to me to be friends with you in Britain.

Now, there's a lot of faffing around with this offer that we don't really need to go into because basically the underlying reality is that all the time Hitler is still making plans for the invasion. He has not given up on the invasion idea. So after Dalarus has been sent off to London, he gathers the Nazi top brass, the leaders of the SS, Himmler, Heydrich, Goebbels, all these bad guys.

And Hitler at this point is really strung out. He's exhausted. He's massively stressed. His voice is cracking. And he says...

OK, we're going to do it on Friday the 1st of September. There'll be no more postponements. I made up my mind, you know, enough faffing around. This is going to happen. And he says, this is going to be brutal. But for as long as I live, there will never be any. We would never surrender. It's interesting that at this point, even at this point, before it's even started, he's contemplating, at least in part of his mind, his own death and the possibility of defeat.

And actually, Goering says to him privately at one point, he says, listen, we don't actually need to fight the British. Like, we don't need to do this. We don't need to gamble everything. Because Goering has been told, hasn't he, that...

the Luftwaffe lacks the capacity to bomb Britain. And Goering has not, I think, been completely honest with Hitler about the Luftwaffe's capabilities for obvious reasons. And he says to Hitler, look, we don't need to do this. You know, you don't need to prove anything. And Hitler says to him, all my life, I've always put my entire stake on the table, which is true. He gambled and gambled and gambled and won and won and won until he didn't, until he didn't, exactly. So the evening of Monday the 28th,

Henderson pitches up again. He's drunk half a bottle of champagne to steady himself. Champagne? What is it with sparkling wine and these people? Before meeting Hitler. And he says, look, we've got the latest stuff from this Swedish guy. We're not going to do a deal with you while this Danzig thing is dragging on. Fine, we can talk about Danzig, but there is no way that you can invade because if you do that, we will fight you. And Hitler says, okay, I'll think about it. So a day goes by. Then on the evening of Tuesday the 29th,

Henderson comes back for his answer. And Berlin now is in darkness. The government in Berlin has ordered a trial blackout. There are hundreds of people waiting outside the Reich Chancellery because they know that this is kind of the last chance for peace. And Hitler, I mean, I was going to say unbelievably, but of course it's perfectly credible. He decides to try the same trick that he had done in Bad Goudersberg with Chamberlain. He decides to just completely change the rules of the game and raise the stakes.

And so instead of being Mr. Nice, he starts ranting and raving. Oh, I'm sick of you, British. You don't care about Germans. You don't care if we're being slaughtered. And he says, oh, it's all your, you've encircled Germany. You've tricked us. You betrayed us. All of this kind of thing. Henderson, for the first time, probably in his diplomatic career, really, with Hitler, completely loses his temper. And he says, I won't listen to this language from you or from anybody. How dare you insult the British government? If you want a war, says Henderson, then you will have it.

And Hitler says, well, fine. I mean, the Poles should come send someone tomorrow to give me everything that I want. And if they don't, I'll send in my army. I'm not waiting any longer. Now, actually, amazingly, Henderson at this point, he walks out and he's steaming with rage. But he's still, because he's an appeaser and has always been an appeaser, he's still partly, you know, part of him still wants a deal. And so he actually says to London,

Maybe we should get the polls to negotiate. Maybe we shouldn't give up completely. And Chamberlain back in London says, no way. You know, we're not going to be bullied again by Hitler. Chamberlain by this point has, I think, definitely run out of patience with the policy of appeasement. He says we are not going to yield on this point. There is nothing more to discuss. So the stage really is set now.

The next day, Wednesday the 30th, the Poles begin to mobilise. They should have done it earlier. They are delayed at the request of the British and the French to avoid provoking the Germans. That will cost them very dear, I'm sorry to say. Can I just ask you, they mobilise in the expectation that Britain and France will declare war on Germany, but more than that, that Britain and France will attack Germany in the West and that this would therefore give the Poles a fighting chance to...

to survive. Do you think if they'd known that the British and French were actually going to do anything, that they were just going to kind of sit there, might they have negotiated in that eventuality? No, I don't think so. I think they would still have fought. I think they would probably still have fought. I think they can't conceive that the British and the French won't intervene. Right. Okay. So it's a normal question. Yeah. But I think,

The British and the French have sent slightly mixed signals. They've sent a military mission. They've sent some sort of pretty pitiful supplies. The British and the French have been saying to them, you know, it'll be a long war. They've been sort of hinting that their intervention will not exactly be as game-changing as the Poles might like.

Polish national pride, Polish public opinion, they make it very, very difficult for any kind of compromise, I would say. So where are we? Thursday the 31st of August 1939. First thing that morning, Hitler says to his generals, the invasion will start tomorrow. He signs the attack order just after midday and then he confirms it an hour later.

That afternoon, early that afternoon, Ribbentrop arrives at the Reich Chancellery and he says, look, no give from Britain. It's looking pretty bleak on the British front. And Hitler says, well, I've already given the order. Die Sacker Roller, things are rolling. And Goebbels writes in his diary that afternoon, it looks as if the die is finally cast. An analogy that will appeal to you, Tom.

And late that afternoon, a very ominous sign, they cut the telephone lines to and from the Polish embassy in Berlin. And at 11 o'clock that evening, the 31st, you have the first reports of incidents on the Polish frontier. The most famous one is at a radio station at a place called Gliwice, now Gliwice in Upper Silesia. So this was basically a radio station generally used for kind of weather forecasting.

And there are reports that Polish troops have stormed a German position, that they executed the staff and they broadcast Polish nationalist slogans. Actually, what happened was the attack was organized by the SS. It was planned directly by Reinhard Heydrich. Both the attackers and the defenders were SS men and they were actually firing blanks.

And when they left, they left three bodies behind them. Two of these bodies... These are called canned goods, aren't they? Canned goods, exactly. It's sort of the jargon. Two of these guys were concentration camp inmates. They'd been killed with lethal injections and dressed in Polish uniforms. And the third man was a Pole. A Pole who was a German citizen. He was a local farmer and his name was Franciszek Choniok.

And he had been arrested the day before. He was well known for being a very patriotic Pole. And he was arrested, thrown into prison, and then he was taken out of prison and put to sleep with an injection. And then he was taken asleep to the radio station. And then he was shot dead. And his body was dumped there. And he is the first of the six million Poles who will be killed by the Nazis in the next six years. So we'll get on to the fate of Poland in Monday's episode.

But just to tie up this bit of the story, the war proper began at 4.45 the next morning, Friday the 1st of September, when an elderly German battleship called the Schleswig-Holstein opened fire on the Polish military depot on the Westerplatte, which is a peninsula that commands the entrance to Danzig's harbour.

And the same time that happened, 60 German divisions, about one and a half million men, spearheaded by tank divisions, began to cross the border, flood across the border from Germany into Poland. And by the afternoon of that day, Friday, you have the first reports of bombings, of Stuka attacks coming in from Western Poland, and the Polish army is already beginning to fall back from the border.

Hitler addressed the Reichstag that morning at 10 o'clock. As you described, Tom, he was wearing his Wehrmacht uniform and he never takes it off. I mean, presumably he takes it off to sleep. To have a shower. Yeah, but he never dresses again in civilian clothes. And you did that performance with gusto because that's what we associate with Hitler. But actually, as we said, he was very nervous. He stumbled over his words. He's very downbeat. He gets the time wrong. And even that line, looking forward to his own death,

It's a hint, I think, at the doubts that must have been there, if only subconsciously. It was a very gloomy day in Berlin. There was no public enthusiasm at all. The American journalist William Shira described the, quote, astonishment, depression on the faces of the people. No excitement, no hurrahs, no cheering, no throwing of flowers, no war fever, no war hysteria.

Of course, they're all still waiting to find out what Britain and France will do. And Hitler did make one last attempt, another attempt through this Swedish guy, Dalarus. When Dalarus went to meet him at the Reich Chancellery, in Kershaw describes the scene in his biography. Hitler probably is a result of stress and tiredness. Not the gun oil. Not the gun oil. His breath was so repellent.

The odour from his mouth was so strong that Dalarus was tempted to move back a step or two. So, you know, Hitler's hygiene has kind of collapsed. His halitosis is... Yeah. And Hitler says...

Tell the British, this is their last chance to avoid a fight with me. I will fight them for 10 years if I need to, which is not very emollient. Not very emollient and obviously doesn't work. The next day, the second Britain and France by now had ordered full mobilisation. They begin evacuating children from the cities. Chamberlain is in talks about drawing up a war cabinet, bringing Winston Churchill back as first Lord of the Admiralty.

And that evening is the evening of the very famous debate. Chamberlain gives, as he so often does, a very ill-judged speech in which he says, if the Germans pull back from Poland, maybe we could still talk to them. What a mad thing to say. And this is the moment at which famously, as the Labour leader Arthur Greenwood stands up to reply, one of Churchill's sort of allies called Leo Amory shouts, speak for England, Arthur.

And this is a great shock to Chamberlain. The sense that he's lost touch with the public. With his own party. With many of his own party. And indeed with his own cabinet, because afterwards his cabinet say to him, look, enough. You've got to give an ultimatum. And Henderson goes to give the ultimatum first thing the next morning. So Sunday, the 3rd of September, 9 o'clock in the morning, Henderson goes to the foreign ministry in Berlin, Ribbentrop,

Do you remember when we did the series on the First World War? All those scenes of the ambassadors crying and foreign ministers shaking hands. Yeah, none of that now. It's really kind of moving, actually. Really moving. Well, Ribbentrop is cut from a very different cloth. He will not even meet Henderson. He refuses even to see him. And Henderson gets interned, doesn't he? He does indeed, yes. So Henderson has to make do with the interpreter, Paul Schmidt. So he gives him the ultimatum.

As surely everybody listening to this podcast will know, the ultimatum expired at 11 o'clock. The Germans didn't reply. And a few minutes later, Chamberlain made that very famously gloomy speech. And no such undertaking has been received. And consequently, this country is at war with Germany, announcing the beginning of the Second World War for Britain and for France. But let's end with the interpreter, Paul Schmidt.

He said, I took the ultimatum to the chancellery where everyone was anxiously awaiting me. There was something of a crush and I had difficulty in getting through to Hitler. When I entered, Hitler was sitting at his desk and Ribbentrop stood by the window. Both looked up expectantly as I came in. I stopped at some distance from Hitler's desk and then I slowly translated the British government's ultimatum. When I finished, there was complete silence. Hitler sat immobile, gazing before him.

he was not at a loss as was afterwards stated nor did he rage as others allege he sat completely silent and unmoving after an interval which seemed an age he turned to ribbentrop who had remained standing by the window and hitler asked what now

What now? What now, indeed? We will be back on Monday to find out what happened next. We'll be doing the story of Poland's heroic resistance, doomed resistance, and the tragedy of its fall and its fate. And if you're a member of the Restless History Club, you can hear that episode right now. But for now, thank you, Dominic. Brilliant stuff. Goodbye. Goodbye.