Learning English Podcast - December 09, 2024
VOA Learning English Podcast - VOA Learning English
Deep Dive
Why does the new study suggest that Venus likely never had liquid water on its surface?
The study found that Venus's atmosphere and interior are extremely dry, with volcanic gases releasing less than 6% water vapor, indicating a very dry interior. This contradicts theories suggesting Venus once had liquid water.
What evidence did the researchers use to conclude that Venus has always been a dry planet?
They measured the destruction rate of molecules in Venus's atmosphere, including water, carbon dioxide, and carbonyl sulfide, and found no evidence of water restoration. Volcanic gases on Venus release less than 6% water vapor, suggesting a dry interior.
What implications does the study have for the habitability of Venus?
The study suggests that Venus was likely never habitable or able to support life, as water is a crucial element for life, and the planet's interior and atmosphere are extremely dry.
How does volcanic activity on Venus compare to that on Earth in terms of water vapor release?
Volcanic gases on Earth release about 60% water vapor, while those on Venus release less than 6% water vapor, indicating a much drier interior on Venus.
What are the two leading theories about the history of water on Venus before this study?
One theory suggests Venus had a moderate climate with liquid water for billions of years, which later disappeared due to extreme heat from volcanic activity. The other theory posits that Venus was always too hot for liquid water to form.
What is the proposed plan in California to protect Joshua trees?
The plan aims to protect Joshua trees from threats like wildfires, human development, and climate change by restricting land use, identifying critical conservation areas, and reducing wildfire risks.
What percentage of critical Joshua tree conservation lands does the California plan aim to protect by 2033?
The plan aims to place permanent restrictions on 70% of the identified critical conservation lands by 2033.
What role does climate change play in the proposed Joshua tree conservation plan?
Climate change is a major threat to Joshua trees, and the plan emphasizes reducing heat-trapping gas emissions to ensure the survival of the species.
What are some English idioms derived from card games?
Idioms include 'keep your cards close to your chest' (keep plans secret), 'show your hand' (reveal intentions), 'lay your cards on the table' (be transparent), and 'play with the cards you are dealt' (deal with circumstances).
How does the concept of 'stacking the deck' relate to life situations?
'Stacking the deck' means creating an unfair advantage, and in life, it can feel like circumstances are stacked against you, making success difficult despite your efforts.
- Venus likely never had liquid water
- Research based on atmospheric chemical makeup
- Venus's interior is dry
- Lack of evidence of past habitability
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