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cover of episode The Secret History of the Internet

The Secret History of the Internet

2023/5/5
logo of podcast Waveform: The MKBHD Podcast

Waveform: The MKBHD Podcast

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David: 本集探讨了互联网的起源和发展,从冷战时期苏联发射人造卫星斯普特尼克1号开始,美国为了应对苏联的科技领先地位,成立了ARPA,并大力投资导弹、卫星和太空技术。由于军事项目的公共支持度低,美国将DARPA的资金转移到NASA,以获得更多公众支持。DARPA转型为高风险、高回报的尖端研究项目,其目标是在技术上领先其他国家。由于大型计算机价格昂贵且资源利用率低,DARPA开始资助大学,但各大学之间缺乏信息共享。为了提高资源利用率和科研效率,DARPA提出将各大学的超级计算机连接起来,形成一个互联网络。分组交换技术(packet switching)的出现,解决了计算机网络互联的难题,提高了数据传输效率。ARPANET于1971年正式启动,虽然初期存在一些技术问题,但它标志着互联网的诞生。在ARPANET之后,出现了许多独立的网络,它们使用不同的协议,彼此之间无法互通。美国国防部注意到分组交换网络在军事领域的应用价值,开始研发基于卫星的分组交换网络。为了解决不同分组交换网络之间互联互通的问题,需要一种统一的协议。TCP/IP协议的诞生解决了互联网互联互通的问题,成为互联网的基础协议。为了推广TCP/IP协议,Vint Cerf采取强制措施,要求所有ARPANET上的计算机必须在1983年1月1日前切换到TCP/IP协议。TCP/IP协议被拆分成TCP和IP两个部分,IP地址成为所有网络设备的统一地址标识。互联网早期缺乏统一的地址簿,这给网络的扩展带来了挑战。域名系统(DNS)的出现解决了互联网地址索引问题,提高了网络的可扩展性和易用性。MCI Mail的出现标志着商业电子邮件服务的开始,但它并未与互联网直接连接。为了让互联网服务大众化,需要打破政府对互联网的垄断。Vint Cerf将MCI Mail连接到互联网,打破了政府对互联网的垄断,促进了互联网的商业化。万维网(World Wide Web)的出现,使得互联网的信息共享更加便捷高效。万维网与互联网是不同的概念,互联网是一个网络系统,而万维网是连接所有超文本的网络。互联网的快速发展导致了浏览器大战的爆发,各种浏览器纷纷涌现。为了满足未来星际探索的需求,Vint Cerf开始研究星际互联网。由于星际通信的延迟高,传统的TCP/IP协议不适用,需要新的协议来支持星际互联网。星际互联网需要建立一个基于多个节点的网状网络,以提高数据传输效率和可靠性。 Marques: 补充了一些细节和背景信息,例如冷战背景、NASA的成立以及早期互联网技术的局限性。 Andrew: 主要参与讨论,并提出了一些问题和见解,例如分组交换技术的类比和星际互联网的可能性。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter explores the origins of the internet, tracing its roots back to the launch of Sputnik in 1957 and the subsequent creation of ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) by the US government. It details the shift from a primarily military-focused initiative to a more publicly palatable scientific endeavor with the establishment of NASA, and the eventual return of DARPA's focus to high-risk, high-reward research.
  • Sputnik's launch triggered a technological arms race between the US and the Soviet Union.
  • ARPA was created in response to Sputnik, initially focused on military applications.
  • NASA's creation shifted the focus to publicly appealing science while still serving military goals.
  • DARPA's funding limitations led to a shift towards sponsoring universities and high-risk research projects.

Shownotes Transcript

In this prequel to the 'ICANN and the 7 Keys to the Internet' podcast, David talks Marques and Andrew through the wildly interesting history of the internet. There's plenty of information out there about the beginning of the World Wide Web in 1989, but what was happening before that? How did the internet start? How long did it take to turn on? And why does it always start with Sputnik? David answers all those questions and more while explaining how everything came to be. Special thanks to everyone that took the time to talk with us to make this episode. We hope you enjoy!

Audio/Video Sources:

David Hochfelder Interview with Vint: https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Vinton_Cerf)

AT&T Life of a tech operator: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zX8RHeSuZZc)

DARPA 50 Year video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8C2vXfRw8U)

DARPA Formative years: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHK7Sn66vts&t=24s)

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