Deep Dive
Shownotes Transcript
Support for NPR and the following message come from our sponsor, Whole Foods Market. Find great everyday prices on responsibly farmed salmon, no antibiotics ever chicken breasts, organic strawberries, and more at Whole Foods Market. You're listening to Shortwave from NPR. Hey, Shortwavers. Regina Barber here to talk about the bird flu, also known as avian influenza. It's spreading among livestock and other mammals in the U.S. and raising fears that another pandemic is in our future.
So bird flu got into the news when a farm worker was infected in the spring of last year. And last month, California declared a state of emergency due to rising cases in dairy cattle. So here to parse through the data is health correspondent Will Stone. Hey, Will. Hey, Gina. Will, you've been monitoring bird flu ever since the first case almost a year ago, and there's so much to cover. But can we start with like a refresher? What's happened like so far?
Sure thing. So there have been more than 65 human cases in the U.S. during this current outbreak. And there's reason to believe that's probably an undercount. Luckily, these have largely been mild. Many are presenting as conjunctivitis and sometimes as a cold, although there have been a few that have resulted in serious illness.
And just to refresh listeners, a bird flu infection starts when the protein on the virus binds to a receptor on the cell it wants to take over. This is the HA protein on the bird flu virus. Luckily, the version of H5N1 spreading in cattle has not evolved to target the receptors that dominate upper airways in humans.
you know, in the way that people get infected with seasonal influenza every year, that would be a key step in the path to this becoming a pandemic. But scientists warn it could evolve, right, and be more dangerous. I mean, do you have a sense of how worried scientists are?
Yeah, scientists who study influenza have told me they are about as worried as they've ever been about a potential bird flu pandemic. Now, that doesn't mean it will necessarily happen. Dr. Jesse Goodman, an infectious disease physician at Georgetown University and a former FDA official, put it this way to me. This is like some brush burning around your house that you better pay attention to because it could turn into something else.
So today on the show, paying attention to bird flu. We get into the infection landscape, how the government is preparing, and the future of immunity. I'm Regina Barber, and you're listening to Shortwave, the science podcast from NPR.
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Okay, well, let's back up. So in March 2024, almost a year ago, researchers found bird flu in cattle. But the global outbreak of bird flu has been going on for a while, right? Yeah.
Yeah, this strain of H5N1 bird flu that's driving the current outbreak worldwide, it emerged in 2020. It's known as highly pathogenic avian influenza because of how lethal it is in poultry. It eventually started spreading in North America in late 2021. This was in wild migratory birds, but it eventually found its way onto poultry farms. So we started to see outbreaks there.
These viruses technically belong to a group or a clade known as 2.3.4.4b. Not the easiest name to remember. No, I'm not going to remember. Yeah, that's okay. Just know that this strain is...
concerning because scientists had been seeing more and more mammals getting infected than we would typically expect with bird flu. So it was a big surprise when it started spreading widely in dairy cattle. That was unprecedented.
along with the spread in cattle and poultry farms. You know, all of this gives the virus more opportunities to spill over into humans and, you know, potentially mutate. So big picture, what's happening with the virus? So it's all over. It's still infecting dairy herds in the U.S. A lot of that is happening in California. It's still being detected in poultry flocks all over the country because wild birds, you know, end up mixing in the poultry farms and then it just tears through those facilities.
Like I mentioned earlier, about 65 people, a little over that, have caught the virus so far. A few...
A few of those cases in humans have been severe. There was a teenager in Canada who ended up in critical condition and almost died. Another case was in a resident of Louisiana who ultimately did die. The person did have some underlying medical conditions, we were told by health officials. What's notable is that both of these severe cases were not related to the virus circulating in cattle. These
These viruses belong to a genetic lineage found in birds and poultry. It's still part of the same 2344B family we mentioned earlier, but it's a different genotype from the cattle virus. And it's possible there's something about this genotype that explains why these more severe cases are associated with it.
This is an area that scientists are looking into. Wow. OK, but since cases are generally with people working with animals, should like the rest of us, should we be concerned? Right now, the risk to the general public is still considered low. The way you catch this, as you mentioned, was.
close contact with infected animals. Dairy workers appear to be infected during the process of milking. Raw milk harbors a lot of virus. We know that. And the suspicion is that people who are milking the cattle, they're getting it on their face. It's getting aerosolized. And basically, that's how they're becoming infected. OK, so it sounds like scientists know how people are getting infected with bird flu. Well, for the most part, there have been a few cases in the U.S. where the source of infection was not identified.
There was actually a child in San Francisco recently. There was a person in Missouri last year. That case in Canada, they also didn't know the exact source. Right. Yeah. This is concerning. We like to know how someone got infected. But at this point, it doesn't look like any of the other close contacts of these people were infected and that it was spreading between people. So...
The risk calculation could change quickly if we do see evidence of human to human spread. We're not there yet, though. So what is the government doing to prepare for like that possibility, this human to human spread? I would say the biggest action is around vaccines. No one in the U.S. is being vaccinated for bird flu yet. But the U.S. does have three H5N1 vaccines that were licensed and approved years ago because of concerns about future bird flu pandemics.
Those shots were developed to target older strains of the virus. There is some lab research that indicates they could still be protective against this newer version. But the federal government has actually been working to update those vaccines to target the strain that's circulating now better. This is kind of what we do with flu vaccine. You know, we update the strain.
every year to try to get a good match. So the federal government has put in orders with vaccine makers for these updated shots. It's expected there'll be about 10 million of them stockpiled by early spring. These are two dose shots. So clearly, Gina, this is not nearly enough. I mean, if the bird flu does escalate into this like big crisis, we're going to need to vaccinate like the whole population. So we're going to need like so much more than 10 million vaccines.
Yeah. Only compounding the issue here is that these vaccines rely on older technology. And so they can't just be churned out, you know, in a rapid timeframe. Okay. And making things even more difficult is that the federal government doesn't want to preemptively make hundreds of millions of these shots because if bird flu does evolve significantly and can spread among humans, then
We expect it's going to look different and they may need to update the shot again. So it's a tricky situation of kind of cautiously monitoring the situation, but not going all in on vaccines that we have yet. You talk about this like old technology. Is the government investing in like mRNA vaccine tech, which we used for like the COVID vaccines? It is. That's actually one of the main things they're doing in the development of new vaccines, hoping that
we can have some shots ready that could be produced a lot faster with mRNA technology. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services actually announced this month that they've awarded over $500 million to Moderna, which came up with the COVID vaccine, to work on influenza vaccines, including to protect against bird flu. There's still work going on in clinical trials, so we don't have these mRNA shots immediately
stockpiled and ready to go. But if there's an emergency, perhaps we could see a big all-out government effort like we did during COVID with Operation Warp Speed. So that's all happening right now, this kind of planning. We have a new administration that just took over. Do we expect this work to continue?
It's a good question. The Trump administration has been largely silent on bird flu in general. Scientists I've interviewed are...
are deeply concerned about Trump's pick to lead the Department of Health and Human Services, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. For years, Kennedy led an advocacy group that's a big player in the anti-vaccine movement. And recently it was discovered that in the spring of 2021, Kennedy actually filed a citizen's petition on behalf of that advocacy group
to the FDA, and in it, he requested the agency revoke the authorizations for the COVID vaccine for all demographic groups. Basically, this would have made the shot unavailable. Of course, you know, the FDA denied this request, but
But Kennedy has an extensive history of making inaccurate and misleading statements on vaccines. And he's actually already made comments undermining trust in the existing bird flu vaccines. We did reach out to the transition team for comment about their plans on bird flu and vaccines, but did not hear back. So, Will, since bird flu hasn't been spread widely in humans yet, are there chances we have immunity?
That would be nice. It would be nice. You know, the CDC has looked at blood samples and said, you know, there's little to no immunity to H5N1 virus in the population. Okay.
But, you know, it gets a little more complicated because we have been exposed to other flu viruses and there is likely some degree of cross immunity against H5N1 because of, you know, things like H1N1 that we've faced before. I spoke with a virologist, Florian Kramer, at Mount Sinai about this because he's done some work showing that
a type of immune cell called a T cell may be able to kick in and help us a bit if we were to be confronted with bird flu. There are certainly pre-existing immunity. The pre-existing immunity does very likely not protect us as a population from a new pandemic should H5N1 become pandemic, but it might give us some protection against severe disease. So that's what I think what the situation is.
How much protection, how to quantify that, that's really hard to say, right?
And Florian actually says it's possible that this cross immunity could help explain why the infections in humans we've seen have largely been mild. This is kind of speculation at this point. There's no way to know for sure. And as he alluded to at the end there, we cannot bank on this cross immunity just protecting us entirely from bird flu. It just gives us some reassurance that we're better off than if we hadn't been exposed to any flu virus.
So are there steps we should all be taking right now? If you are not in the livestock or chicken business, there's no imminent risk today. Scientists say it's unlikely you're going to get infected from a stray piece of bird poop or from touching your bird feeder, although we don't necessarily have data on that. It really would take quite a bit of exposure for you to get infected.
sick from it and basically the guidance is if you are messing with your bird feeder or touching bird poop just wash your hands after don't touch your face immediately which is good general advice i think yes will thank you so much for coming to talk with us about bird flu of course gina anytime this episode was produced by rachel carlson it was edited by showrunner rebecca ramirez and robert rodriguez was the audio engineer
Beth Donovan is our senior director and Colin Campbell is our senior vice president of podcasting strategy. I'm Regina Barber. Thank you for listening to Shortwave from NPR. Every weekday, Up First gives you the news you need to start your day. On the Sunday story from Up First, we slow down. We bring you the best reporting from NPR journalists around the world, all in one major story, 30 minutes or less.
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